Malaria is one of the most prevalent and sometimes fatal disease that is caused by Plasmodium spp. which uses mosquitoes (Anopheles spp.) to transmit and infect human often via blood-meal of the infective female mosquito. Cases usually occurs in warm regions (tropical and subtropical) including Thailand, but the…[Read more]

The transmission pattern of pathogen by mosquitoes as the vector (organism that could transmit a pathogen) and/or as definitive host (harbors the parasite for sexual reproduction and development) refers to the process wherein a pathogen is transferred or transmitted to a susceptible organism usually serving as an…[Read more]

In general, flies are part of the Class Insecta and Order Diptera which is a paraphyletic grouping of the most primitive flies characterized by having three body regions (head, thorax, abdomen), three pairs of legs, typically two functional wings, and one pair of antennae with more antennal segments than the o…[Read more]

1. How the mosquito can transmit the pathogen?
Not all species of mosquito transmit a pathogen, but in order to do so, a mosquito should be a susceptible arthropod (insect). Inside the mosquito, the parasite’s oocysts develop in the gut until the sporozoites transfer to the salivary gland. Through b…[Read more]