1. How the mosquito can transmit the pathogen?
The mosquito can transmit the pathogen to another mosquito or host in a total 3 ways.
First, Vertical transmission is transmit by mother to their children during lay eggs and commonly occurs in virus infection.
Second, Horizontal transmission is transmit by mosquito biting host to another host such as malaria.
Third, Venereal transmission is transmit by mating of male and female mosquito. It can call sexual transmission.
2. What tool and how to determine the malaria transmission?
The tool that use to determine the malaria transmission are vector capacity, incidence rate ration and entomological inoculation rate.
There are 6 main parts of vector capacity.
1.Abundance, the information about the number of case malaria infection and population of mosquito that they infect human in different reasons and years.
2.Host-feeding patterns, the mosquito is prefer to bit in human more than animal.
3.Reproductive capacity
4.Longevity, the long life age of mosquito.
5.Distribution of mosquito
6.Vector competence, the development of pathogen inside the mosquito for example malaria disease when mosquito ingest male and female gametocyte then have fertilization then develop to oocyst and sporozoite is take time around 14 days to complete life cycle.
Incidence rate ration of malaria infection.
And finally entomological inoculation rate is measure the infective bites per person and per month.

Name: Pornpawee Chiewpoo Student ID: 6537492

1. How the mosquito can transmit the pathogen?
The transmission of the pathogen by mosquito vectors can occur in 3 ways during the activity or life cycle of the mosquito such as lay eggs, biting, and mating. The first one is Vertical Transmission, which occurs when the female mosquito passes the pathogen to its embryo. And made the next generation of mosquitoes get infected in the male and female mosquitoes. The second is Horizontal transmission, which occurs following the infection of a human or animal host by the bite of an infected mosquito. After intrinsic incubation, the human or animal host will become a viraemic host, and wait for a new mosquito to take a blood meal to lead to an infected mosquito. The last one is Venereal transmission. It occurs when an infected male mosquito that infect by vertical transmission, mating with a female mosquito. The pathogen can be directly transmitted to female mosquitoes. Both males and females can be infected.
2. What tool and how to determine malaria transmission?
Malaria transmission has 6 main parameters that use to determine coupled with vector surveillance which is the tool to identify the response of the vector in each specific place and time or the pattern of the vector transmission :
Abundance; the number of mosquitoes (A large number of mosquitoes increases the chances of spreading the disease)
Host-feeding pattern and proportion; the mosquito prefers to bite on animals or humans
Longevity; to know how long the vector’s life cycle
Reproductive capacity; the reproduction rate of the population of mosquito vector or the number of generation
Distribution; the distribution of mosquitoes at that time and place
Vector competence; the capacity of the mosquito can transfer the parasite to another host and the susceptibility of vector

Name: Vanutsarin Khongsrisak ID: 6536456

KRISTAL DALE F. CORPUZ – Student ID: 6536448

1. How the mosquito can transmit the pathogen?
Not all species of mosquito transmit a pathogen, but in order to do so, a mosquito should be a susceptible arthropod (insect). Inside the mosquito, the parasite’s oocysts develop in the gut until the sporozoites transfer to the salivary gland. Through biological transmission or when the mosquito bites, the sporozoites (infective stage) will be injected into the human (intermediate host) where it will continue its developmental stages. The pattern of pathogen transmission can be identified as (a) vertical – from adult vector to egg, (b) horizontal – from biting host 1 to host 2, and (c) venereal – through mating of vector.

2. What tool and how to determine the malaria transmission?
Vector surveillance is a useful tool or method in gathering information regarding (for example) the malaria transmission. Through this method, observations will be made considering the mosquito biting behavior, biting frequency profile, adult and larval mosquito capture, and cases of malaria incidence. Aside from the principle and importance of the vectorial capacity, the EIR and IRR can also be used as indicators in understanding and monitoring the risk of transmission in a given area.

Name : Natnicha Pengsuk ID : 6537496

1. How the mosquito can transmit the pathogen?
After infective stage, the mosquito can transmit the pathogen is the biological transmission way that associate the increase and growth inside the vector’s body. The biological transmission by the mosquito has 3 methods.
(1) The vertical transmission; the pathogen can transmit by mother to their children such as SARS-CoV-2 infection
(2) The horizon transmission or the biting from host one to another two
And the last methods (3) venereal transmission, the pathogen can transmit by the mating from the sexual transmission.

2. What tool and how to determine the malaria transmission?
For determine how the vector can transmit the disease, we use the vectorial capacity parameter:
(1) Abundance
– The data of abundance is performed by graph. The data have number anopheles such as the population, rate of infection.
(2) Host preference and host-feeding patterns and proportion
– The mosquito prefers to bit on the host that occur the disease.
(3) Reproductive capacity (Reproductive rate) and (4) Longevity
– How age of the mosquito, how about the life cycle of the mosquito.
(5) Dispersal or distribution
– Data of the cases occur in the area, where is the breeding place and what is the popular seasons that mosquito come out to biting the host.
(6) Vector competence
– The relationship between susceptible vector and resistant vector, the good competence is susceptible. And the period of the pathogen in the vector is extrinsic incubation period like malaria 14 days.

1.How the mosquito can transmit the pathogen?
The mosquito can transmit by 3 ways 1.Vertical transmission, which the pathogen can transmit from female mosquito to their children. 2.Horizontal transmission, the mosquito biting from one host to another host and the last method is Venereal transmission, the pathogen can transmit by the mating from the sexual transmission.
2. What tool and how to determine the malaria transmission?
There are 6 main used to determine the transmission of malaria.
1.Abundance : Number of the mosquitoes
2.Host preference and host-feeding patterns : The mosquitoes prefer to bite on animal or prefer to bite on human.
3.Reproductive capacity : The capacity of the mosquito reproductive systems.
4.Longevity : How old of the mosquitoes.
5.Distribution : distribution of the mosquitoes at that time.
6.Vector competence : The parasite can deposit inside the mosquito.

Name: Vararut Yodkamol ID:6537497

2.1 How the mosquito can transmit the pathogen?
The mosquitoes can transmit the pathogen to human or another mosquitoes in 3 ways. First is vertical transmissions. It mean pathogen from mother passed to their offspring via transovum and transovarial.Second is horizontal transmission. It occurs when female mosquitoes take a blood meal from viraemic host. The pathogen will developed inside the mosquito until complete extrinsic incubation and then bite new host, it can pass the pathogen to new host. After intrinsic incubation, host will become viraemic host and wait for new mosquito take a blood meal again. The last one is venereal transmission, this way has transmitted pathogen when mosquito mating directly from infected male mosquito to female mosquito.
2.2 What tool and how to determine the malaria transmission?
The tools can determine the malaria transmission are incidence rate ratio, entomological inoculation rate and vector capacity. For vector capacity can use vector surveillance to check by 6 determinants
1 Abundance : Numbers of mosquito
2 Host feeding patterns. : pattern of mosquito feeding on human or animal
3 Reproductive capacity. : how about mosquito reproductive system
4 Longevity. : mosquito old
5 Dispersal or distribution. : mosquito distribution on that time and place
6 Vector competence. : extrinsic incubation period of the pathogen in the vector

Name Thawatchai Ketboonlue ID : 6536457

1. How the mosquito can transmit the pathogen?
The transmission of pathogen by mosquito can occur 3 pathways based on mosquito life cycle. The first one is Vertical Transmission (Egg laying). If it has pathogen can transfer from mother to its children.
The Second, Venereal Transmission is pathogen can transmitted from one to another one by sexual transmissions (it can called matting in life cycle). So, both male and female mosquitoes can be infected.
The Third, Horizontal Transmission is pathogen can pass to another host by mosquito bites. Host is may be human or animals. After infection mosquito bites, pathogen will develop to suitable stage for wait new mosquito take a blood again and infected in new mosquito.
2. What tool and how to determine the malaria transmission?
The tools use to determine the malaria transmission are Vectorial Capacity. It describe relationships between vectors and hosts have 6 main determinants. Such as,
– Abundance : the information of mosquito numbers and case malaria infection in different seasons, different areas.
– Host preference and host-feeding patterns and proportion : The mosquito favor sugar feeding and take a blood from human or animals.
– Reproductive capacity : rate of population of mosquito.
– Longevity
– Dispersal or distribution : the number of case malaria infection.
– Vector competence : ability of mosquito transfer pathogen to other host or vector.

Name: Mookdawan Kansuwan ID: 6536459

1) How the mosquito can transmit the pathogen?
They can transmit the pathogen by 3 ways.
– Vertical Transmission, that means the pathogen can transmit from mother to children.
– Horizontal Transmission, that occurs when the female mosquito bite the viraemic host and pathogens inside the host are transferred and incubated in the mosquito (extrinsic incubation). After finished the extrinsic incubation, this mosquito will bite the new host for transmit and incubate pathogens inside, this new host will become the viraemic host (Intrinsic incubation). If the other female mosquito come to bite this host, the mode of transmission will occur continuously.
– Venereal Transmission, that can occur in both male and female by mating.

2) What tool and how to determine the malaria transmission?
The transmission of Malaria involves with vectorial capacity, that compose of 6 main factors.
– Abundance, means the number of mosquito
– Host-feeding patterns and proportion, means the host’s feeding pattern, such as some strains prefer to bite animal more than bite human.
– Reproductive capacity, means the capability of mosquito’s reproductive system
– Longevity, means the ages of the mosquito.
– Dispersal or distribution, means how about the dispersion of mosquito on that time and place.
– Vector competence, means the capacity of mosquito that can transfer the parasites to another host.

Name: Mingkwan Odton
ID: 6536455

1. How the mosquito can transmit the pathogen?
When a mosquito is prevalent and also in the path of its life cycle, it can spread a pathogen in three different ways: (a) Vertical transmission, which often happens when a virus is infected the female mosquitoes and when laying eggs, cause have viruses infection to their offspring.; (b) Horizontal transmission, occurs when the female mosquito feeds on the blood of the host virus. The mature pathogen within the external incubation is complete. The mosquitoes then bites the new host and transmits pathogenic germs to that new host. After the intrinsic incubation, host will develop the infection and wait for the new mosquito to feed on its blood and It will cycle through the life cycles.
And (c) Venereal Transmission, occurs when an infected male mosquito by mating with a female mosquito. This make it possible for the pathogens to be transmitted directly to the female mosquitoes. Therefore, it can infect both men and women.

2. What tool and how to determine the malaria transmission?
Vector capacity, incidence rate ratio, and entomological inoculation rate are the tools used to determine malaria transmission. For vector capacity can be describes and defined the relationship between vectors and their hosts. There are 6 main determinants:
2.1 Abundance is the information of the mosquitoes as population, rate of infection.
2.2 Host preference and host-feeding patterns and proportion are the mosquitoes take a blood meal from host like human or animals.
2.3 Reproductive capacity is malaria population growth rates.
2.4 Longevity is the age of the mosquitoes.
2.5 Dispersal or distribution in vector is the number of malaria cases.
2.6 Vector competence; extrinsic incubation period of the pathogen in the vector is the propensity of a mosquito to transmit a pathogen to another host or vector.

Name: Piyathida Thapradit Student ID: 6536458

1. How the mosquito can transmit the pathogen?
Ans There are many infectious diseases that are transmitted to human by insect vector such as mosquito which cause malaria, dengue and zika. For malaria disease which normally occurs when an infected female mosquito bite human then go into asexual stage in human and go into sexual stage in mosquito to develop oocyst and releases sporozoite to human so that it can recycle over again. There are 3 ways for mosquito to transmit to the host, as following (1) Vertical Transmission: Female mosquito pass the parasite to their offspring by passing to the surface of eggs and in the embryo. (2) Horizontal Transmission: It occurs when female mosquito bites host1 who has the parasite then transmits to host2 so that other female mosquito could get the parasite via biting infected host. (3) Venereal Transmission: The parasite can transmit from infected male mosquito to female mosquito by matting process so that both male and female mosquitos can be infected.

2. What tool and how to determine the malaria transmission?
Ans The useful tool for indicating the malaria transmission would be vector surveillance because it monitors the factors that relating to malaria, as following.
(1) Abundance: To determine the population of mosquito which is a vector for malaria disease in each area that may has risk for causing the malaria disease outbreak.
(2) Host preference and host-feeding patterns and proportion: To determine the behavior of mosquito that prefer to bite human and animal and also collect the data about how many time that mosquito biting the hosts.
(3) Reproductive capacity: To determine how capable of mosquito that can mate and produce the next generation of its offspring.
(4) Longevity: To determine the mosquito’s life span which is based on the species, sex and biological and physical conditions.
(5) Dispersal or distribution: To determine the data about the population of majors anopheline species in each month, year and area by reporting as a graph for example.
(6) Vector competence: To determine the ability of mosquito that being as a disease vector and influence transmitted the parasite to host. And also determine probability of infected mosquito could generate a new infection when it bites host and develops to complete its life cycle.

Name: Raiwin Mothong Student ID: 6537495

Name: Beatriz Aira Jacob
Student ID: 6536449

1. How the mosquito can transmit the pathogen?

In general, vector-borne diseases are transmitted through the following mechanisms: mechanical transmission, in which pathogenic microorganisms are carried from the vector’s body to the food consumed by the human host; and biological transmission, in which the pathogen develops inside the vector’s body. In malaria, for example, mosquitoes transmit the pathogen through biological transmission. Accordingly, there are three specific ways in which mosquitoes can transmit the pathogen. Vertical transmission occurs when the mosquito passes the pathogen onto the surface or embryo of its eggs. Horizontal transmission happens when a mosquito takes a blood meal from a pathogenic host then transmits the pathogen to another host, and a new mosquito feeds from the new host. Venereal transmission takes place when the pathogen-carrying female mosquito mates with a male mosquito.

2. What tool and how to determine the malaria transmission?

It is essential to determine malaria transmission to predict epidemiological situations and to reduce outbreaks as much as possible. For this to be possible, vector surveillance and a number of tools are being utilized to obtain and quantify all components of malaria transmission.

The main component is vectorial capacity, which expresses the potential of the Anopheles mosquito to transmit sporozoites to the human host. This is measured through the following determinants: abundance, host preference, host-feeding patterns, reproductive capacity, longevity, dispersal, and distribution of the Anopheles mosquito in the surveillance area. In addition, it also takes into account the susceptibility and competence of the Anopheles mosquito to be the vector of Plasmodium spp. Vector susceptibility relies on the detection of the infective stage in natural samples, susceptibility in a laboratory setup, human biting preference, and abundance in the endemic area. Meanwhile, vector competence weighs in the virulent factors beneficial to pathogens versus the factors beneficial to the host. Furthermore, the following are some of the factors in defining the level of transmission in the area: anthropophilic/zoophilic ratio (to show the feeding preference on humans over other animals), hourly bite rate (to deduce which time of the day the mosquito is most active), incident rate ratio (to determine the place with the highest likelihood the mosquito will bite), and entomological inoculation rate (to determine the infective bites per person per month).

This is my ans.:as follows
1. How the mosquito can transmit the pathogen?
:It must be said before that mosquitoes are considered to be the main cause of many diseases. It’s not just malaria,Then the vectors are different(Aedes,Culex,Mansonia,Anopheles etc.) and each vectors type has a different severity of infection. Usually the life cycle of mosquitoes to the transmission there are 3 ways as follows: Vertical/Horizon transmission (Vertical transmission :Transmit from mother to their children/Horizon transmission :Transmit from mosquito biting host one to another host one) and Venereal transmission (Transmit by the mating from the sexual transmission between male and female).

2. What tool and how to determine the malaria transmission?
:”What should be considered first” This is extremely important when selecting any instrument or method of detection,That is the source or place of malaria transmission,Including other factors such as Abundance of habitats,Reproductive capacity etc.This will be important information in choosing a method or tool to control the spread of malaria.

ID: 6537493
Name: Supaporn Kanda

1.How the mosquito can transmit the pathogen?
-The mosquito can transmit pathogens have three ways of transmission. Firstly, Vertical transmission that the pathogen can transfer from the mother mosquito to the daughter mosquito. Secondly, Horizontal transmission can occur from a female mosquito that gets the pathogen in her body from a human host, then the mosquito bites another human host, and the pathogen can be transferred to a human. Finally, Venereal transmission, the pathogen can be transmitted by mating from the sexual transmission that both of sex can be infected.

2.What tool and how to determine the malaria transmission?
-The tools that use to determine malaria transmission are vector capacity, and Entomological risk (Incidence rate ratio and Entomological Inoculation rate). Vector capacities have 6 domains to determine.
1. Abundance is about the number of mosquitoes in this area.
2. Host preference and host-feeding patterns and proportion are about the mosquitoes that prefer to bite animals or humans.
3. Reproductive capacity
4. Longevity is about the age of the mosquitoes
5. Dispersal or distribution is about the mosquito distribution at that time and place.
6. Vector competence or vector susceptibility is about the parasite that can be deposited in the mosquito (extrinsic incubation period of the pathogen in the vector) and the capacity of the mosquito can transfer the parasite to another host.
The next tool is the Entomological risk (Incidence rate ratio and Entomological Inoculation rate)
The incidence rate ratio use for comparing the ratio of risk in different areas depending on species of mosquitoes such as Pha Man has a lower IRR value than Farm huts that farm huts are a higher risk of Malaria disease than Pha Man. The entomological Inoculation rate is the index that shows the risk intensity in the area. The number of EIR shows the infective mosquito bites/person/month that the mosquitoes will bite the human when human go in the area that high risk of the Malaria disease.

Name : Didtawa Suttisak
student ID : 6537494