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The transmission patterns is a pattern of vector transmitted the pathogen to another vector for spread the disease to another host. This mechanism can divide into 3 ways. First is Vertical transmission that the mosquitoes transmit the pathogen to their offspring via egg, it call transovum (virus on egg surface) and transovarial (virus in embryos). Second is Horizontal transmission, it’s mechanical of mosquitoes transmitted the pathogen to another mosquitoes via biting. When mosquitoes take a blood meal form infected host, they will get the pathogen form host and pathogen growth to ready to infect new host. The mosquitoes take a blood meal again and release the pathogen to uninflected hosts until the pathogen ready to infect mosquitoes. Uninflected mosquitoes will come and take a blood meal on this host can get the pathogen form host. And the last one is about mechanisms of vector to transmit the pathogen between adults mosquitoes via mating process can call Venereal transmission.
Thawatchai Ketboonlue
Student ID: 6536457 -
Normally the main vector of malaria is Anopheles spp. and Aedes aegypti is a vector of Dengue fever virus, so both mosquitoes species allow the pathogen living inside their bodies or call susceptible vector. The susceptible vector is a one type of vector and pathogen relationship, it means vector gives some benefits to pathogen and the pathogen has recognized by some part of immune system and allows them developed and multiply inside the body but the vector immune will regulate the amount of pathogens that it doesn’t cause harm to themselves. All of the above was shown why Aedes aegypti is not malaria vector because this mosquitoes don’t have some benefit factor for malaria parasites to grow up inside there body for transmission to another host and maybe the immune of this mosquitoes recognize the parasites is a foreign body must have to eliminate. Although some research publication have a report shown some species of Aedes spp. can transmit some part of malaria parasites but not common ones . So Aedes aegypti cannot be a vector of malaria in Thailand.
Thawatchai Ketboonlue
Student ID: 6536457 -
Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name has meaning in two wings or they have only single pair of wings to fly and the hindwings having evolved know as halteres (small size). They have three bodies regions including head, thorax and abdomen along with three pairs of legs. In suborders Nematocera, it have special characteristics as elongated segments antennae which consist of mosquito, sand fly, black fly and biting midges. Black fly or Simulium spp. They have a small size (1-5 mm. in long) black color, short leg, sucking mouthparts, humped-back appearance, horn like antennae without hair and complete metamorphosis. They are the vector for Onchocerciasis (River blindness) cause by Onchocerca volvulus.The mechanism of transmission starts with the infected black flies take a blood meal on human, its will release L3 larvae. The larvae migrate to subcutaneous tissue and grow into adult. The adult parasites will produce microfilariae (diagnostic stages). The microfilariae normally have found in skin and lymphatics tissue but can found in peripheral blood. After this the new black flies will come to human to take a blood meal, that also get the microfilia from the infected host and develop in black flies. When black flies took a blood meal on new human who became infected host.
Thawatchai Ketboonlue
Student ID: 6536457 -
2.1 How the mosquito can transmit the pathogen?
The mosquitoes can transmit the pathogen to human or another mosquitoes in 3 ways. First is vertical transmissions. It mean pathogen from mother passed to their offspring via transovum and transovarial.Second is horizontal transmission. It occurs when female mosquitoes take a blood meal from viraemic host. The pathogen will developed inside the mosquito until complete extrinsic incubation and then bite new host, it can pass the pathogen to new host. After intrinsic incubation, host will become viraemic host and wait for new mosquito take a blood meal again. The last one is venereal transmission, this way has transmitted pathogen when mosquito mating directly from infected male mosquito to female mosquito.
2.2 What tool and how to determine the malaria transmission?
The tools can determine the malaria transmission are incidence rate ratio, entomological inoculation rate and vector capacity. For vector capacity can use vector surveillance to check by 6 determinants
1 Abundance : Numbers of mosquito
2 Host feeding patterns. : pattern of mosquito feeding on human or animal
3 Reproductive capacity. : how about mosquito reproductive system
4 Longevity. : mosquito old
5 Dispersal or distribution. : mosquito distribution on that time and place
6 Vector competence. : extrinsic incubation period of the pathogen in the vectorName Thawatchai Ketboonlue ID : 6536457
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