MYO MIN THAN

[MYO MIN THAN]

MYO MIN THAN 6538214TMTM/D

ANSWER:
When working on the field site, the technique that will be most suitable for malaria detection in mosquitoes will depend on several factors, including sensitivity, specificity, speed, cost, and available resources [1]. In this assignment, I will discuss the various techniques and choose the most appropriate technique for malaria detection in mosquitoes in the field.
Mosquito dissection is a simple technique that involves dissecting the mosquito to examine its internal organs, including the midgut, salivary glands, and ovaries [2,3,4]. However, dissection can be time-consuming and requires skilled personnel, making it unsuitable for large-scale malaria surveillance programs in the field [4].
Immunological techniques such as CSP ELISA and Slot blot Immunoassay (ECL-SB) are suitable for large-scale screening programs and can detect malaria antigens in mosquito samples or antibodies (circumsporozoite protein) in the mosquito’s midgut [4,5]. These techniques are relatively simple to perform, and results can be obtained within a few hours. However, immunological techniques may produce false-positive or false-negative results due to cross-reactivity with other antigens or low-level infections, respectively.
Nested PCR (the standard method of molecular technique) and PCR RFLP (or combining with Cytb-PCR) are highly sensitive and specific molecular techniques that can detect low-level infections and distinguish between different species of the Plasmodium parasite, for instance, can differentiate P.f and P.v [4,6]. However, these techniques require DNA extraction from mosquito samples, primer collection and may be expensive and time-consuming. Nested PCR and PCR RFLP are more suited for research or diagnostic laboratories where more specialized equipment and skilled personnel are available [4].
In addition, MALDI TOF MS is a promising tool for malaria surveillance programs in the field due to its high sensitivity and specificity, ability to identify different species and strains of the Plasmodium parasite, and minimal sample preparation. MALDI TOF MS can provide results within a few minutes, making it a rapid and cost-effective technique for large-scale screening programs. In addition, the correct classification rate was 98.75% of all mosquitoes tested [4,7].
Therefore, based on the available resources and requirements of the malaria surveillance program in the field, MALDI TOF MS would be the most appropriate technique for malaria detection in mosquitoes. The technique can be performed in a portable laboratory, requires minimal sample preparation, and can provide rapid and accurate results compared to other methods. However, if more specialized equipment and skilled personnel are available, nested PCR and PCR RFLP could also be used for more in-depth analysis and research purposes.
In summary, the choice of technique for malaria detection in mosquitoes in the field will depend on several factors, including sensitivity, specificity, speed, cost, and available resources. While each technique has its advantages and disadvantages, MALDI TOF MS appears to be the most suitable technique for large-scale malaria surveillance programs in the field due to its high sensitivity, specificity, rapidity, and cost-effectiveness. And then nested PCR and PCR RFLP is my second choice if funding support or conditions/ situations are favorable.

References
1. James S, Takken W, Collins FH, Gottlieb M. Needs for monitoring mosquito transmission of malaria in a pre-elimination world. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2014 Jan 1;90(1):6.
2. Williams J, Pinto J. Training manual on malaria entomology for entomology and vector control technicians (basic level). USAID. Washington, DC. 2012;78.
3. Coleman J, Juhn J, James AA. Dissection of midgut and salivary glands from Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments). 2007 Jul 4(5):e228.
4. Jiraporn R. Development of malaria diagnosis in Anopheles mosquitoes. [PowerPoint presentation]. Mahidol University. Department of Medical Entomology. Faculty of Tropical Medicine. [updated 2023 Mar].
5. TIP T. ELISA technical guide and protocols. Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc USA, Bartlesville, OK. 2010.
6. Bass C, Nikou D, Blagborough AM, Vontas J, Sinden RE, Williamson MS, Field LM. PCR-based detection of Plasmodium in Anopheles mosquitoes: a comparison of a new high-throughput assay with existing methods. Malaria journal. 2008 Dec;7(1):1-9.
7. Laroche M, Almeras L, Pecchi E, Bechah Y, Raoult D, Viola A, Parola P. MALDI-TOF MS as an innovative tool for detection of Plasmodium parasites in Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria Journal. 2017 Dec;16:1-0.

[MYO MIN THAN]

Dear Ajan Rutcharin,
Sorry for late reply on your questions, as I said yesterday, I’ve got student email account a week ago and I have received the information about username and password of TM online account this morning (24.2.2023 10:50AM). As soon as I activate TM online account and answer all of your question. I hope you understand the situation and forgive me.
I warmly welcome and happy to see your comments later.
Thank you for your great lecture and waiting our answers patiently.
Dr.Min
6538214 TMTM/D

[MYO MIN THAN]

Que: 1. What is the importance of this study?
Que: 2. What is the transmission route of Angiostrongylus sp. (from this study)?
Que: 3. What are the factors needed to successfully help the houseflies in the process of disease transmission?

Ans: 1. The important finding of this study is our community can be infected with angiostrongyliasis without taking any infected second intermediate hosts, and the best way of prevention is health education to the community about appropriate sanitation, hygienic food-preparation practices, and the prevention of food contamination by flies and other insects and avoid raw and undercooked meats.

Ans: 2. Mostly, transmission of disease based on epidemiological triad agent, host, environment. Transmission in this study is also the same way, agent is houseflies, host is community in that areas and environment are eating place canteen, living room, corridors and other supportive conditions such as uncovered garbage cans. These infected flies (vectors) lived in our environment and rest in our properties, our food and on our body. The infectious agents (infective larvae) are left on food and our hand after they fly away. They come and go alternatively and transmission cycle rotate rhythmically.

Ans: 3. As Answer No 2, supportive factors for houseflies in the process of disease transmission are uncovered garbage can, untidy floor and kitchen, human behavior (personal hygiene) in the Provincial area. On the other hand, flies feeding on dead, infected snails/slugs (intermediate hosts), as well as other hosts, such as crabs/prawns, or the slime from snails and slugs in the forest and costal areas.

[MYO MIN THAN]

TMID 607-07
lecture power point questions
Ques: 1. How do you rebuild after such destruction?
Ques: 2. What kind of reservoir host and vector?
Ans: 1. The national government has responsible for planning to rebuild after large scale disaster like Tsunami, and it will take quite long time, however, it should divide urgent action plan, 1-5 year action plan and decade action plan, may be. Obviously, those kind of disaster has gigantic amount of destruction and take time to restore normal situation. Among them, urgent action or short term action plan is the most important because this action plan could save our community from devastating infectious diseases. During this time, the government, focus on vector control, diseases control, disaster risk reduction and safe food and water supply. This plan aim 1) to prevent food and water-borne diseases by vectors, 2) to prevent water-borne diseases by using prevention methods, e.g boiling, chlorination, 3) to reduce incidence and prevalence of infectious diseases, 4) to back up economy, livelihoods and infrastructure. In real situation, government cannot stand alone and coorporation of international NGOs, local NGOs, stakeholders from different sectors, local community and each and every sector from government is substantial. Moreover, for each individual in the community should know how to deal with the aftermath of Tsunami. They need to know how to check food and water supply in safe ways, how to collect information about injured peoples, visible damages and any potential thread such as electrocution, gas, sewage leakage, etc.,

Ans 2: Without disaster, Vector-borne diseases account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases, causing more than 700 000 deaths annually (According WHO data). Link with Answer No 1, we, government focus on infrastructure and communicable disease control, On the other hand, the vectors, parasites, viruses, bacteria, etc., are doing their work to harm enormous amount of people at the same time. This is another story of after disaster happened. Flood, contamination of drinking water, community stay in camp and become crowded, that will lead to vector borne diseases within short period of time and outbreak either. Natural disasters, particularly rapid-onset disasters, pose various risks to public health, including emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. Many people are risk of diarrhea, dengue, malaria, filariasis, Chikungunya, leishmaniasis, JBE etc.,
Human (community especially, under 5 children, malnourished children, elder people and immunosuppressant patients), animals and environment can all be reservoirs for microorganisms. The common vectors are mosquitoes, ticks, flies, bugs, fleas and lice.

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