TIPAWAN AMMARIT

[TIPAWAN AMMARIT]

Hi there 🙂 I’m Tipawan Ammarit student ID: 6438166.
How does epidemiology of vectors improve vector control? (Give an example and discuss)

Firstly, epidemiology is the study (scientific, systematic, and data-driven) of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and determinants (causes, risk factors) of health-related states and events (not just diseases) in specified populations (neighborhood, school, city, state, country, global). Therefore, epidemiology information can help to improve vector control management and planning easily by mapping the distribution of vectors, diseases, and case reports. Epidemiology offers powerful tools to quantify the degree to which risk factors and humanitarian interventions affect population health in a crisis. Thus this method is appropriate to use when having disease outbreaks because it’s an easy assessment to find the relevant indicator of the spreading of vectors or diseases.

For example, Fijman,N.S., and Yee,D.A.(2022) research has interested in mapping yellow fever epidemics in the United States. Since, yellow fever (YF) plagued the United States from the 1690s until 1905, resulting in thousands of deaths. Within the US, Aedes aegypti is the only YF vector and almost no data exists for the location of this species prior to the early 1900s. The aim of this study is to determine the historical range of Ae. aegypti. They examined the occurrence of YF epidemics across time and space. Moreover, they hypothesized that historically Ae. aegypti was driven by human population density.

Methodology to test this hypothesis, they collect a list of cases in the US including; human population density, location, and the number of infected people. These data were mapped using ArcGIS and were analyzed using linear regression models to determine the relationship among variables.

The results show the historic range was generally south of 40 latitudes, from Texas in the west to Florida in the east, with concentrations along major waterways like the Mississippi River. Infected individuals and human population density were strongly correlated across the whole dataset as well as by decade. Lastly, although other factors likely affected the range of Ae. aegypti, they found that human population density was related to the number of infected people with historic YF infections.

Reference
Fijman, N. S., & Yee, D. A. (2022). Mapping Yellow fever epidemics as a potential indicator of the historical range of Aedes aegypti in the United States. Memórias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 117. https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760220306

Thank you very much.

[TIPAWAN AMMARIT]

Hi there~ I’m Tipawan ammarit, student ID 6438166.

First of all, I already sent mosquito ovary dissection that I dissected it by myself via mail.
1. So I’m gonna describe character, shape, how to collect of parous ovary.
– Character: Tracheoles in ovary were expanded longer than tracheoles of nulliparous ovary that tightly rolled called a ‘skein’shown inside the ovaries.
– Shape: Parous and nulliparous ovaries have 2 sides oval-shaped ovaries at abdomen segments number 7 and 8.
– How to collect: used ether to temporarily sleep mosquitoes. Thus pick one and put down under stereomicroscope then put the legs and wing out by micro forceps for easily dissection. After that, arranged the mosquito head to your inconvenient-hand side and used that hand to hold minus needle to softly fix at thorax part for stay still for while then used another another hand to hold another minus needle to softly press and pull at abdomen segment number 7 out and then you will see 2 loops of oval-shaped ovaries as shown in my picture. Then if you want to see more details about tracheoles inside ovaries for determine age of mosquitoes, you must separated only mosquito ovaries and put on the glass slide, let’s them dry, and look under stereoscope.

2. How important of blood determination and mosquito parity rate?
– these 2 methods are important to surveillance and monitoring of vector’s capable ability such as can show about the proportion between anthropophilic and zoophic patterns for classify the main host of mosquitoes, and for voctor control.
– Methods of determination: can used various methods such as precipitin test (antigen bind with antibody, less specificity), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA, more specificity), multiplex PCR/DNA barcode, microsatellites, and mass spectrometry to determine blood in mosquito. Moreover, used the the presence and absence of tracheolar skeins at ovaries of female mosquitoes dissection to study of parity rate.
– Application of these 2 parameters: for mosquito parity rate used dissection method for counting the number of ovarioles to determine the age structure of the population (can predict opportunity to spread the vector borne disease means vector capacity). Next, for blood determination used to identify pathogens in blood meals from mosquito bitting to monitoring the vector capacity.

Thank you very much.

[TIPAWAN AMMARIT]

Dear ajarn Thipruethai phanitchart
I would like to ask you, are you already got our email? because me and my friends already sent it to you (Tipawan, Rattanalak, Oranit, and Panatchaya)
At email: thipruethai.pha@mahidol.edu

[TIPAWAN AMMARIT]

Hello everyone. I’m Tipawan Ammarit student ID: 6438166

1. Routine work of vector surveillance for malaria.
In this point, I’m disagree with my friends that they said we have to start with planning first. But I’m gonna start with the important part of this research is objectives setting.
– Objectives setting: In my opinion, we have to start with this process be cause we have to determine the limitation and what’s we gonna get from this work. Thus objectives for routine work of malaria vector surveillance are observe the species, density, quantity of vectors and moreover we can determine to collect the vector samples for further study.
– Planning: Next, we must plan everything including the vector species which have to focus on (in this case we focus on malaria vector like mosquitoes genus Anopheles), types of sampling (select the appropriate method for the study area such as random sampling, systematic sampling, and cluster sampling), types of mosquito survey (choose the appropriate one like preliminary surveys for basic and short-term surveys, regular observations for long-term surveys, spot checks for monitoring mosquito populations, and foci investigations for identify the best approaches to control), detailed schedule sampling program for each hour, list of equipments, Data sheet preparing (, list techniques which have to use (biting, resting, trapping, netting for adult collection or use aspirator, strainer for larvae collection or ovitrap, pipette for eggs collection).
– Record and preserving: after that we have to go to the field at the selected and interested areas thus run the schedule like we already planned then record every important data that we got on the prepared data sheet, moreover we’ll bring appropriate tools for Anopheles mosquito collection at several stage like adults, larvae, or eggs. The main thing is that preserving samples for bring back to the laboratory study, we must used the dry ice, silica bead, or RNA later to keep the DNA/RNA/protein maintainly.
– Analysis: afterwards bring the data to analysis process may be use MICROSOFT EXCEL and produce the graft or table for analyse and interpret easily. Finally, results must present to the other people, thus we must have communication skill to lead them understand our work easily and clearly.

2. There is the outbreak of malaria in Thai-Myanmar border in Tak province.
– Objectives:

1. 1) Found out the mosquito species which is main vector for malaria disease to human that cause outbreak in Thai-Myanmar border, Tak province.
2. 2) Found out the quantity and density of vector mosquitoes in outbreak areas.
3. 3) Found out the control vector method for reduce spreading rate of malaria disease.

– Planning: We must start with collect related informations from the hospitals or health care centers for evaluate the situation of this outbreak (e.g. mapping, case reports). The most important we have to concern about harmful and danger of malaria disease in this area, we must prepare ourselves and tools before go to investigate in that high risk area. Next, we have to select appropriate sampling method match with study areas (in this case we can use random sampling for unbiased statistical properties), choose the types of mosquito survey (in this case it’s be preliminary surveys cause we have to solve the problem of malaria outbreak hastily for help people in high risk areas), then choose the stage of samples that we gonna get (for species identification we must collect adults, for quantity and density examination I choose to collect adults and larvae) and methodology (select to use light microscope to species identification, use trapping, netting, and dipping for adults and larvae collection), prepare data sheets and sampling program. And I’m agree with Rattanalak that told use technique capture-recapture to evaluate population of Anopheles mosquitoes this method it’s very great I think.
– Program activities: We have to program activities in everyday and per hour because if we don’t prepare, it’ll waste our time uselessly. Hence timetables for everyday are very useful. And for accurately collection and experiment we must select appropriate time period to do each activity for example collect adult stage at late evening (5 pm. to 9.30 pm.) is biting period of Anopheles mosquitoes.
– Method: We use mosquito traps with sweaty coats for induced adult mosquitoes with light and CO2. Then we use net and aspirator for collect adults which flying and resting near the human, moreover use colander (net-like) to dipping and collect larvae at breeding place near human houses daily. Next, we gonna record the data in data sheets completely. And species identification by using microscope at the field and record the number of mosquitoes that we got. then preserving the samples by using individual tube for whole body mosquito collection (maybe for entomological specimen center) or genetic material (DNA or RNA) extraction and stored on ice/dry ice for keep genetic materials to PCR technique in laboratory for high accuracy species identification and find the malaria parasite in the samples by molecular technique. Lastly, we gonna find method to control mosquito population by reduce the contact between mosquitoes and humans by using larvicides or larvae predators, indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets thus record the number of case reports at hospitals and health centers.
– Analysis: We bring the collected data to analyze with MICROSOFT EXCEL and produce to be compared graft or table and interpret results to easily understand to other people. Moreover, we have to consider about the limitation of this short-time survey, the results don’t completely done thus interpretation may be change if we study for long-time.
– Report: We have to describe the research introduction, methodology, results (show the reliably results), discussions, and conclusion at summary presentation by easily understand word. Finally, show the trend of further developing research.

Thank you very much.

[TIPAWAN AMMARIT]

TMEN513 Lab exam: Cockroaches and bugs

Tipawan Ammarit ID:6438166

Question1: Please describe how you identify the cockroaches (selecting at least two species)

Answers: We can use morphological characteristics to identify the cockroaches. Firstly, I want to describe the morphology of adult cockroaches first. Start with cockroaches are flatted insect from top to bottom, have chewing mouthparts, have long filamentous antennae, have two pairs of wings (forewings and hind wings), have caudal cerci (cercus) that sensitive to vibration, males have a pair of styli (stylus), and females have subgenital plate.
– Periplaneta americana (American cockroach), it has about 35-40 mm. long (large size), reddish brown in color except for a submarginal pale brown to yellow band around the edge of their pronotal shield, Both sexes are fully winged, the wings of males extend beyond the tip of the abdomen, while females do not, have twice cercus as long as wide at last segment.
– Supella longipalpa (Brown-banded cockroach). It has 10-14 mm. long, have two light-colored bands (yellow and brown band) across the wings and abdomen, Males appear more slender than females, Males have wings that cover the abdomen, but females have wings that don’t cover the abdomen completely thus they cannot well fly.

Question2: What is the difference between genus Triatoma and Rhodnius?

Answers: Both of genus Triatoma and Rhodnius are part of family Reduviidae, subfamily Triatominea, are also known as conenose bugs, kissing bugs, or vampire bugs. Mose of the 130 or more species of this subfamily feed on vertebrate blood. The difference between genus Triatoma and Rhodnius cause by morphological adaptations associated with living in bird nests. Rhodnius is morphologically quite different from the Triatominae, especially in the head morphology. In genus Triatoma the antennae start from side of head at the middle between eyes and outer anterior tip, while in genus Rhodnius the antennae start from the side of head at the anterior end.

[TIPAWAN AMMARIT]

TMID513 lab exam Tick and mites
Student name: Tipawan Ammarit ID:6438166

Question 1: What is the respiratory organ of the suborder Astigmata? How do they breathe?
Answer: The suborder Astigmata or in common name is astigmatid mites, as suggested by the name, are characterized by a lack of stigmata. Because they are no stigmata thus they used integument to be respiratory organ that mean they breathe through the skin.

Question 2: What is the difference between hard ticks and soft ticks? How you differentiate between male and female of hard tick?
Answer: Hard ticks and soft ticks have different morphology characteristics including:
– Hard ticks have scutum (the hard plate) covered on their back but soft ticks are lack of scutum.
– Hard ticks have mouthparts (or capitulum) that are visible from above view but viewing soft ticks from above would give someone the impression that soft ticks do not have mouthparts. However, their mouthparts are located on the underside of the body so that the front portion of the soft tick’s body hides the mouthparts.
– Soft ticks have a wrinkled body but hard ticks don’t.

Moreover, we can differentiate the gender of hard ticks by used the morphology characteristics such as
– Male and female hard ticks have different coloration.
– Females are larger size than males hard tick.
– Female hard ticks have smaller size of scutum on their back (because females need to expanded the body size for contain blood and eggs) but male’s scutum are larger size (because no need to expand body size).
– From ventral side, females have anal groove near the anus but males have sclerotized plates aligned with anus.

Question 3: Please describe how you characterize the mites (at least two groups).
Answer: Mites can be characterized by habitats and harmful level to human including:
– House dust mites (such as Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus), are cause mind harmful level for human, due to their very small size and translucent bodies, are barely visible to the unaided eye. A typical house dust mite measures 0.2–0.3 mm in length. The body of the house dust mite has a striated cuticle. House dust mites eat skin cells shed by people, and they thrive in warm, humid environments. In most homes, such items as bedding, upholstered furniture and carpeting provide an ideal environment for dust mites. Mostly, house dust mite leads to allergy symptoms caused by inflammation of nasal passages include sneezing, running nose, cough, itchy nose, and nasal congestion.
– Chigger mites are parasitic hexapod larvae belonging mainly to the family Trombiculidea, Although the larvae are extremely small in size, their bites pack a powerful punch. They’re so tiny that you probably won’t notice when they jump from that tall blade of grass onto your skin. Which cause dermatitis (known as trombiculosis or trombiculiasis) in many animal species, including humans. Especially, cause high harmful level to human like rickettsial disease (scrub typhus) by Orientia tsutsugamushi.

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