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The transmission patterns is a pattern of vector transmitted the pathogen to another vector for spread the disease to another host. This mechanism can divide into 3 ways. First is Vertical transmission that the mosquitoes transmit the pathogen to their offspring via egg, it call transovum (virus on egg surface) and transovarial (virus in embryos).…[Read more]

Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, which are transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. On the other hand, culicine mosquitoes(Aedes, Culex, and Mansonia mosquito) can be important vectors for human pathogens and feed on humans like the Anopheles mosquito. For this reason, it raises the question of Why Aedes…[Read more]

Normally the main vector of malaria is Anopheles spp. and Aedes aegypti is a vector of Dengue fever virus, so both mosquitoes species allow the pathogen living inside their bodies or call susceptible vector. The susceptible vector is a one type of vector and pathogen relationship, it means vector gives some benefits to pathogen and the pathogen…[Read more]

The transmission mechanism of pathogens by mosquitoes consists of three patterns. The first is eggs. Infected female mosquitoes can spread the pathogen through eggs. The pathogen emerges in the embryo or on the egg surface. Both male and female mosquitoes can become infected. We call this Vertical transmission. The second is a bite. An infected…[Read more]

KRISTAL DALE F. CORPUZ – #6536448

Malaria is one of the most prevalent and sometimes fatal disease that is caused by Plasmodium spp. which uses mosquitoes (Anopheles spp.) to transmit and infect human often via blood-meal of the infective female mosquito. Cases usually occurs in warm regions (tropical and subtropical) including Thailand, but the…[Read more]

KRISTAL DALE F. CORPUZ – #6536448

The transmission pattern of pathogen by mosquitoes as the vector (organism that could transmit a pathogen) and/or as definitive host (harbors the parasite for sexual reproduction and development) refers to the process wherein a pathogen is transferred or transmitted to a susceptible organism usually serving as an…[Read more]

KRISTAL DALE F. CORPUZ – #6536448

In general, flies are part of the Class Insecta and Order Diptera which is a paraphyletic grouping of the most primitive flies characterized by having three body regions (head, thorax, abdomen), three pairs of legs, typically two functional wings, and one pair of antennae with more antennal segments than the o…[Read more]

Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name has meaning in two wings or they have only single pair of wings to fly and the hindwings having evolved know as halteres (small size). They have three bodies regions including head, thorax and abdomen along with three pairs of legs. In suborders Nematocera, it have special characteristics as…[Read more]

Sand flies are small insects in Order Diptera, Suborder Nematocera, Family Psychodidae, and Subfamily Phlebotominae. They prefer to live in tropical, subtropics, and warm mainland regions. The sandfly’s life cycle begins with eggs, larvae, pupa, and adults. The general characteristics of the adult sand fly are small hairy flies. It has large dark…[Read more]

Dear Dr. Saw

Good review that you can learn from this interesting case report.

BW
Supat

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Dear Khin

Good answer, that seem to have more evidence of venous thrombosis, and you also give the other causes of chronic legs swelling. Do not to forget to find out “what are the risk factors of this case; such history of taking hormonal drugs, history of surgery and other family members with thrombosis.
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Dear Pietro
You gave a good answer, her presentation of chronic legs swelling, and evidence of venous insufficiency syndrome from physical examinations.
Risk factors showed no significant, but do not forget to find out others history such as history of taking hormonal drugs, history of surgery and other family members with thrombosis. This may…[Read more]

Question 2; what are differential diagnosis? (Please give 5 disease/conditions)

This case may have chronic venous insufficiency because she has swelling of both legs (non pitting edema), skin thickening and hyperpigmentation at both legs and high D Dimer (800 mg/dl).
Her clinical signs are not correlated with pulmonary embolism, but cannot be excluded because mild PE can occur without obvious signs and symptoms.
In this case…[Read more]

This case presents as chronic venous insufficiency with suspected venous thromboembolism.
Venous thrombosis usually presents with leg pain increased by both legs and/or by the dorsal flexion of the feet (Homans signs present in only 5% of cases).
Skin thickening and hyperpigmentation is a common finding.
Pulmonary thromboembolism should be ruled…[Read more]